{"id":202504,"date":"2025-01-02T16:16:39","date_gmt":"2025-01-02T16:16:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.swoop-patagonia.com\/blog\/?p=202504"},"modified":"2025-05-08T12:41:17","modified_gmt":"2025-05-08T11:41:17","slug":"discovering-chiles-hidden-coral-forests","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.swoop-patagonia.com\/blog\/discovering-chiles-hidden-coral-forests\/","title":{"rendered":"Discovering Chile\u2019s hidden coral forests"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

The coastline of Chilean Patagonia is crinkly edged. The Andes Mountains begin their slow eruption for the sea here, leaving behind them a steep-sided landscape punctuated by some of the world\u2019s most spectacular fjords. It\u2019s a perfect landscape when seen from the water on an expedition cruise<\/a> or by kayak<\/a>, but until relatively recently little was known of the extraordinary biodiversity that lay beneath the surface. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

That hidden picture has slowly been revealed thanks to the work of Dr Vreni H\u00e4ussermann, a marine biologist who started scuba diving in these waters 30 years ago and discovered the huge cold water coral banks that make the fjords so special. We spoke to her to learn more about her life\u2019s work. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Beneath the surface<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

H\u00e4userman first came to Chile in 1994 as a PhD student with her husband, planning to scuba dive the length of the country\u2019s coastline, from Arica by the Peruvian border all the way down to Punta Arenas, studying sea anemones. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Diving in the Chilean Fjords (Image: Vreni H\u00e4usermann)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u2018We got robbed actually the first day before we went diving,\u2019 says H\u00e4ussermann. \u2018We were standing there for half an hour in our diving gear and the waves were so big that we didn’t dare to go in. When we went back to the car, all our camera equipment was gone!\u2019 After an appeal in the local media, the local fisherman who had taken their kit handed it back to them for the reward money. \u2018They didn’t know how to sell it, because everybody talked about it!\u2019 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

With their cameras safely restored, the divers were able to start exploring, and what they found was completely unexpected.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018At 25 metres down, there was a wall of tentacles. But they weren\u2019t anemones, they had calcified skeletons, so they must have been corals.\u2019 At this time, cold water corals in Chile were completely unknown.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This discovery shaped the rest of H\u00e4ussermann\u2019s career. After completing her PhD, she and her husband returned to Chile, where they eventually helped establish the Huinay Scientific Field Station on the Comau Fjord, not far from Hornopir\u00e9n National Park<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Cold water coral in the Chilean Fjords (Image: Vreni H\u00e4usermann)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u2018We call these corals marine animal forests,\u2019 she explains. \u2018Cold water corals are all over the world, but they’re generally in very deep waters. Here in Chile, we found the shallowest ones just eight metres below the surface. They\u2019re a fascinating marine community, because they harbour so many other species.\u2019 The coral is an important nursery for fish, as well as sheltering many crustaceans. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coral catalogue<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Chile\u2019s cold water corals were so unknown that much of H\u00e4usermann\u2019s work had just been cataloguing what\u2019s there. After more than a thousand dives, she recorded over 1900 species just in Comau Fjord, mapping out its ecosystem. Around 70 of these were completely new to science, as as lead researcher she was even able to name three completely new species of anemone after her husband and children. But the scope of the work could last many lifetimes. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Soft corals in the Fjords (Image: Vreni H\u00e4usermann)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u2018I had a PhD student with me and he took a picture of a gorgonian [coral], which he thought was the common one species, and when I saw his photo it was one I\u2019d never seen before.\u2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u00e4usserman gestures to the files stacked up on her shelves behind her during our video call. \u2018A lot of the work is about establishing what\u2019s there, and then there\u2019s the question of protecting it. We have hundreds of new species that we haven’t described yet. Two thirds of the common sponges aren\u2019t described yet. I have about 20 to 30 undescribed anemones over there in jars. These species could disappear one day and have never been described. It’s a very sobering thought.\u2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This diversity is particularly concentrated in the Los Lagos area. Closer to Punta Arenas, she says, you might find a single coral on every fifth dive. \u2018But here you\u2019ll dive once and see 10,000.\u2019 Exactly why this area is just so rich in marine life isn\u2019t well understood yet \u2013 and unlocking the reasons why is a key part of H\u00e4ussermann\u2019s research. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018The three fjords here open to the Gulf of Corcovado [by Chilo\u00e9 Island<\/a>], while the fjords further south open up to a network of channels and islands. But what this means for the corals, we don’t know.\u2019 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Sealion diving companions (Image: Vreni H\u00e4usermann)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

H\u00e4ussermann admits this makes her work thrilling and challenging in equal measure. \u2018There are different species in the fjord compared to channels and exposed coasts, but sometimes we go back to a spot after a couple of years and it looks completely different. It makes it very difficult for conservation because you do not really know what is where.\u2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Threats from salmon farming<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

While the biodiversity is clearly dynamic, one thing that H\u00e4usserman is very clear on is that these ecosystems are very fragile. One of the biggest threats to the biodiversity of the Chilean fjords, she tells me, is the intensive salmon farming industry. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Anenome among the kelp (Image: Vreni H\u00e4usermann)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u2018There are concessions all along the coast,\u2019 she says, which are far more densely concentrated and produce more pollution than in other salmon-producing countries. There is such overuse of antibiotics in feed and such an abundance of organic matter accumulating beneath the cages from dead fish, that it can produce a dead zone. \u2018When you have many cages in the same fjord,\u2019 explains Haussermann, \u2018You also have eutrophication.\u2019 In plain speak, that means that algal blooms and a complete <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018When the algae blooms die off, they are consumed by bacteria, which take up all the oxygen in the water. It became so extreme that in Comau Fjord (which fringes the edge of Pumal\u00edn National Park<\/a>) where they had 23 huge farms in 2012, now they don\u2019t have a single cage. That’s not because they wouldn’t want to, it’s because there’s no oxygen left.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In some places, salmon farmers have actually resorted to pumping oxygen into the cages to keep the fish alive. \u2018But the rest of the fjord didn’t have oxygen, of course, so we lost a lot of biodiversity,\u2019 says Hausserman. \u2018We\u2019ve observed that between 2003 and 2013, the abundances of the most common species have been reduced by 75%, and several species have disappeared completely.\u2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Brittle star on soft coral (Image: Vreni H\u00e4usermann)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Astonishingly, there are more than 400 salmon farms currently in the marine sections of national parks and reserves in southern Chile. In a hopeful conservation move, the week before we spoke, a coalition of 37 Chilean non-governmental organisations launched the Salvemos a la Patagonia (Save Patagonia) campaign, whose goal is to eliminate salmon farming completely from this part of the country. It’s a big step, but the campaign has taken inspiration from neighbouring Argentina, which banned open net salmon farming<\/a> completely in 2021, in part due to the ecological damage being seen in Chile. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Soft corals<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime H\u00e4usserman is continuing her lifelong study of the fjord\u2019s rich ecosystems. After a long spell of lecturing at local universities Patagonia, she now works with the conservation-focussed Blue Marine Foundation<\/a>. And her love of Chile’s anemones and corals remains undiminished. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018I fell in love with them at once, because of this ocean of tentacles. All yellows, oranges and whites. They are so very beautiful.\u2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

*<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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